Urban Green Mosaic: A Geo-Overlay Analysis of Land Use and Green Space  Distribution (GOS) For Sustainability City in Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan

Green open spaces (GOS) are fundamental to sustaining ecological stability in rapidly urbanizing regions; however, their spatial configuration and ecological performance are closely shaped by land-use intensity. In Banjarmasin, a densely populated riverine city, contrasting development pressures across districts provide a relevant context for examining how urbanization affects the fragmentation, size, and connectivity of the green spaces. This study employed a descriptive–quantitative geospatial approach by integrating multisource satellite imagery (Sentinel-2 MSI, Landsat 8/9 OLI/TIRS, and high-resolution Google Earth Pro), administrative boundaries, GOS inventories, and systematic field verification to ensure classification accuracy. Spatial overlay analysis revealed pronounced ecological disparities: Central and Southern Banjarmasin, dominated by commercial areas, dense residential clusters, industrial zones, and port activities, exhibited small, fragmented, and weakly connected GOS with limited ecological functionality. Conversely, Northern Banjarmasin, characterized by agricultural land and low-density suburban development, contains larger, coherent green patches that function as ecological buffers. These findings indicate that higher development pressure leads to increased fragmentation and reduced ecological connectivity, whereas lower-intensity land uses support more resilient green structures. The study concluded that strengthening ecological corridors, integrating micro-scale vegetation, and enhancing inter-district connectivity are essential for improving urban landscape resilience.